collaboration

Bachelor of Nursing

Submitted by mary.jarrott on 15 March 2010 - 3:15am.
in



Dr Penelope Paliadelis, Dr Glenda
Parmenter, Ms Jackie Lea & Dr Yoni Luxford: These nursing academics undertook the
initial intensive curriculum redesign and redevelopment task for the Bachelor
of Nursing degree course, in consultation with the external nursing regulatory
body, health services, expert clinicians, nursing academics from other
universities, the Vocational Education and Training sector (formerly
responsible for training Enrolled Nurses), and past/present nursing students of
UNE.

Ms Anthea Fagan, Ms Elizabeth
Mingay, Ms Helena Sanderson, Ms Angela White, Ms Rhonda Wilson: These instructors added their skills to the
original team and made significant contributions to the further development and
refinement of interactive teaching strategies within the Sakai LMS environment,
supporting and enhancing the transition process for students from a traditional
face-to-face lecture-based learning mode to learning online.

All staff initially undertook professional
development to acquire familiarity with the technologies and tools of the Sakai
system, then continued to work together as a team to devise, implement and
refine instructional sequences, to set up interactive and collaborative tasks and
activities, and to develop authentic, meaningful and embedded assessment tasks,
in order to maximize students' opportunities to engage with the learning
materials within the Sakai environment and to work collaboratively with fellow
students.

In this process staff have developed a
collaborative and transparent course team approach to the ownership and
programming of units, in itself an innovation and transformation from former
teaching practice, which was configured on the basis a one-person/one-unit
approach, with little opportunity for peer input, collaborative review, and
reflexive teaching practice.

Helenmary Jarrott (Educational
developer and course designer): While I was not involved in the original curriculum mapping and educational
design, my role now is to monitor and support the course's teaching and
learning strategies and assist with advice to help refine activities and tasks
with each successive iteration of the different units.

Course Development: 


UNE is a
regional Australian university with a long and distinguished history in the
provision of distance education. However as best practices in pedagogy have shifted,
becoming decreasingly instructivist and increasingly contructivist in focus, the
need to provide students with different 
kinds of learning experiences (other than traditional print-based
‘learn-everything-you-need-to-know-to-pass-this-unit' booklets) has become more
imperative, not only in order to retain pedagogical credibility , but to retain
student engagement, and thus to remain a competitive provider in the education
marketplace.

Prior to
2006, two undergraduate nursing courses were offered at UNE: the three-year Bachelor
of Nursing  for students seeking to study
full-time to become Registered Nurses, and the Bachelor of Nursing Studies,
designed for Enrolled Nurses wishing to upgrade their qualification to
Registered Nurse status. These courses were both offered via traditional
methods: face-to-face classroom teaching for on-campus students, with separate
print-based teaching materials mailed to the off-campus cohort.

In 2006, in
response to clearly perceived needs to modernize the undergraduate nursing
course, make it more attractive to a broader range of students, meet industry
requirements for a more diverse workforce, and rationalize the number of
undergraduate nursing units taught by a small nursing team, a completely new
curriculum was devised and implemented at UNE. Its streamlined entry and exit
points and multiple study pathways were designed to deliver more flexible learning
to diverse student cohorts, and to maximize effectiveness and efficiency of
staff teaching. Part of this project was to replace previous on-campus lectures
and print-based distance education with a blended learning model in which all
students would both participate in face-to-face learning and teaching and
interact within an online learning environment hosted by the Sakai LMS.

The
perceived benefits of the blended learning model included the integration of
on-campus and distance education nursing students into a common curriculum, where
they could share the same learning materials, and more easily communicate with
each other during semester and while on clinical placements, through participation
in online learning activities such as discussion forums or wiki-based learning
groups analyzing clinical case studies or preparing group projects.

Sakai was
already being used at UNE by the School of Education in a pilot project, and
although the institution's primary LMS was WebCT, the use of Sakai was extended
at the commencement of the 2008 teaching year to host the online component of
the revised nursing curriculum, because of Sakai's superior capacity to support
students in learning experiences characterized by connectivity, collaboration
and a seamless online environment.

Challenges
faced by staff and students were twofold: becoming familiar with the new
technologies, and devising and using new teaching strategies to optimize
student engagement online. To this end, staff were encouraged to participate in
a short professional development course offered within the Sakai LMS, which
gave them opportunity to experience Sakai from a student perspective and to
learn how to use various tools to develop effective student-centred learning
activities. Understandings thus gained enabled staff to better support each
other and students in adopting the new curriculum.

Course Delivery: 


Students in
the Bachelor of Nursing course complete 22 core units and 2 elective units  over 6 semesters of full-time study.

Each unit
includes an online component providing students with the core learning for that
subject, with online activities (including formative and summative assessment)
to consolidate and extend that learning, and with a communication framework
enabling students to interact with each other and with teaching staff whilst
engaged in off-campus practicum placements.

All units
incorporate many common design characteristics and structural elements. All
units include a Syllabus tab (renamed START HERE), a customized ASSESSMENT tab,
and a Content Modules tab (rebadged as STUDY GUIDE to link with terminology
familiar to students prior to the introduction of online learning).

The START
HERE tab provides students with core information about teaching staff, texts,
time expectations for study, and general direction about how to engage with their
learning in the unit.

ASSESSMENT
communicates information about assessable tasks, marking criteria and due dates
(to conform with institutional assessment policy requirements). The STUDY GUIDE
contains all core learning for the unit as well as orientation to aspects of
the online site including tutorials for various tools.

Deliberate standardization
provides a consistent and intuitive interface for students. Kirschner, Sweller
& Clark (2006) highlight the benefits of clear guidance to maximize student
engagement in constructivist learning environments.

Delivery is
structured around progressive release of learning materials and activities, and
information about this is communicated to the students using the Schedule and
Announcement tools. Regular ‘Keeping on track' notices are posted in the
Schedule to remind students of where they should be up to and what they need to
focus on. Instructors also use ‘Keeping on track' to encourage students with
positive messages during times of anticipated stress, e.g. during challenging practicum
placements. Site emails (also forwarded to students' UNE email) communicate
release of new resources and other special messages.

Instructors
have made innovative use of the Tasks, Tests and Surveys tool to administer
online assessment quizzes, previously formulated as written exams for which
students had to travel either to UNE or to their closest examination centre.
The tool's flexibility, coupled with thoughtful question design, has enabled
testing of students' understanding at deeper levels, rather than the surface
questioning often associated with online quiz content.

Forums and
Chats are used for various types of communication, both social and
course-related. Students are encouraged to use designated ‘informal' spaces to
‘connect' with each other. Groups are also encouraged to use Chat spaces to
work on group-based projects and both Forums and Blogs are used in many units
as tools for assessment.

The wiki
tool is the most sophisticated and most diverse in its application across the
spectrum of units within the course: it is used for whole-class collaboration
in some units, to create individual work spaces in others, for small groups/pairs
in yet other settings, and sometimes for all three purposes within the same
unit! Instructors continue to explore the powerful potentials of wikis for
collaborative outputs in diverse areas.

Course Self-Assessment
Communication & Collaboration Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Communication & Collaboration Evidence: 


Communication
tools within Sakai have been utilized in a planned and staged progression
throughout the units in the BNurs course, 
to introduce, establish and foster learner engagement and to lead learners
through the necessary steps to ultimately facilitate their confident
participation in achieving sophisticated collaborative learning outcomes.

The
acculturation process begins in earlier units with invitations to students to
experiment with the communication tools to socialize and connect with fellow
students in the online learning environment. These activities reflect the first
of Gilly Salmon's (2002) five-stage e-moderating framework, and allow learners to
begin to interact with each other and explore the technologies in a secure, well-supported,
predominantly social, context.

Blogs are
also introduced in these units as tools for personal reflection to support and
extend learning.

From these
first steps, learners escalate levels of participation quite rapidly, blogging
clinical goals for assessment prior to their first practicum. However, this
process is well-supported both via a writing template framework and through
active face-to-face tutorial support in a computer lab setting.

Forum
participation is the next target - again, introduced in an optional social
context before being used for assessable course-related activities.

Overall
across the course, the progress of learners from ignorance and fear of the
technology to becoming confident users competently and flexibly interacting
within all spheres of online communication and collaboration is supported and reinforced
through thoughtful assessment design and judicious allocation of marks. Beginning
nursing students are rewarded simply for participating and engaging in online
activities. As the course progresses, this extrinsic motivation is withdrawn,
as students are expected to understand the rewards and appropriate the benefits
of engagement for themselves.

By the
second and third years of the course, 
communication tools are used for many different learning and assessment purposes.
For example, in Aged Care Nursing students work in pairs on case study materials,
assessing patient scenarios and developing appropriate care strategies.  Achieving this necessitates close
communication which occurs most frequently via the online communication tools, and
also via external tools such as Google docs, to enable sharing and collaborative
production of documentation. During this process students can be located at
great distances from each other, including internationally (e.g., on exchange
in Canada). Students' final submission for this task is an individual portfolio.

In  Professional Clinical Practice, individual students
blog responses to critical incidents on prac, but the blogs are shared to
enable all students to access and reflect on each other's learning. Providing a
peer reflection then becomes part of students' assessable output. Students also
work together in groups to develop a Pharmacological wiki, which then becomes a
study resource for their pharmacology exam.

Learning Material Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learning Material Evidence: 


Excellent
print-based learning materials, primarily textbooks, characterized teaching in
nursing units prior to the redevelopment of the course. However, the transition
to blended learning has required evaluation of the kinds of materials used, in
order to support instruction that is relevant, up-to-date, student-centred, and
industry-compliant. This evaluation process has resulted in the development of
new sets of learning materials, incorporating the best of the ‘old' together
with refreshing new possibilities offered through access to online
technologies. These new learning materials have received both industry and
student acclaim.

All units in
the Bachelor of Nursing course are appraised by an external nursing
accreditation body, the Nurses and Midwives Board (NSW). Learning materials are
rigorously scrutinized and evaluated to assess whether they conform to industry
training standards and requirements. The curriculum content of the BNurs has
been held to be of such high quality that members of the teaching team responsible
for its development have been invited to take positions on both the Nursing
Practice Committee of the NMB (NSW), the committee responsible for assessing
and accrediting all NSW nursing education courses, and also the National Health
Workforce Taskforce, responsible to develop practical solutions in health
workforce innovation and reform, including areas of education and training.

Course
learning materials also importantly have the student seal of approval. Using
the online learning environment has enabled incorporation of many innovative
elements to assist students' learning, including web-based video materials,
support materials and activities from other nursing and health-related training
bodies, and links to and RSS feeds from latest research in relevant topic
areas. Students are encouraged to interact with the materials and with each
other about the content, and the diversity of learning materials and
experiences enables capture of learners across a broad spectrum of  aptitudes, interests and learning styles. The
positives of this have been noted in student responses to and evaluations of
units within the BNurs course.

Learning Outcomes & Assessment Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learning Outcomes & Assessment Evidence: 


Innovation
in assessment within this course is demonstrated by the shift that has taken
place towards more clearly defined and measurable learning outcomes,  the development of scaffolded and embedded assessment
within the framework of authentic discourse-related tasks, and the inclusion of
interactive and collaborative group-based assessments.

Ragan (Good Teaching Is Good Teaching, 1999)
makes the point that ‘specific instructional activities should be directed
toward providing learners with the necessary skills, knowledge, or experiences
to meet the goals and objectives of the course. The course content should be
sequenced and structured to enable learners to achieve the goals articulated in
the learning outcomes.'

All units in
the BNurs course explicitly adhere to this fundamental instructional design
principle. Learning outcomes for each unit were closely examined as part of the
course redesign and redevelopment and reframed where necessary to make them
more student-centred, specific, achievable and measurable. The design of each
unit begins with the learning outcomes.  Activities
and assessment tasks are then planned that clearly and specifically align with
these outcomes and which scaffold student learning towards achieving them.

Students
have opportunity to engage in formative assessment (blogs, discussions self-tests,
reflective exercises) prior to engagement with summative tasks. Often,
summative tasks are built on a framework of smaller formative tasks, to engage
students more thoroughly in the learning sequence and to provide opportunity
for them to examine, evaluate and reframe their own responses prior to
submitting work for final assessment.

Marking
criteria and evaluation rubrics are also provided to give students clear
indicators of the structures and expectations for each assessable piece of
work.

Problem-based
learning structures and case study scenarios have been utilized to construct
assessments meaningful to the learning topics; for example, presenting Critical
Care Nursing students with patient information recorded in actual hospital
observation charts for their analysis and response. Students have also been
required to ‘think backwards': in other words, to construct complete case details
and appropriate nursing responses themselves from an initial brief set of
patient data (e.g., in the Mental Health Nursing unit).

The biggest
shift evidenced in assessment in this course has undoubtedly been the
development of group-based assessment tasks, enabled by the collaborative tools
available in the Sakai LMS, particularly the forum and wiki tools. Instructors
have worked very hard to establish both a culture of collaboration amongst
students (as distinct from the traditional competition-focused ‘independent
individual' mindset), together with clear expectations for group participation
and response, contained within an assessment agenda that underpins a perception
of the value of group work. Group participation is not an option; it is a
requirement. It is not only a requirement; it is an assessable requirement. It
is not only assessable; marks are awarded to individual students solely on the
basis of their group's performance. This unmistakably communicates to students
the expectation that they will work together responsibly and productively within
their groups, which clearly aligns with the expectations they will encounter in
their future professional careers.

Course Look & Feel, Web Usability Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Course Look & Feel, Web Usability Evidence: 


UNE has
traditionally served its distance education student cohort very effectively in
orientating them to the requirements of their study. The innovation has been in
successfully translating these well-established ‘best practice' principles from
the former print base into the online learning environment.

The online course
look and feel has been developed to optimize user experience by providing a
standardized interface, using templates and images to ‘signpost' particular locations
and activities.

The learning
design within the course is centred around two recognized instructional
frameworks: ICARE (Introduce: Connect: Apply: Review: Evaluate) for first-year
students and the RICJ (Review: Interpret Construct: Justify) framework for
subsequent years.  Specific images have
been employed for each stage/activity type throughout all units in the course,
to act as visual prompts and advance organizers orientating students to what
they should expect to find and to do within each section.

Similarly,
templates have been developed to standardize presentation of text-based
content, so students are clear about what is being communicated and how they
are expected to respond.

Course
instructors have chosen also to adhere to an agreed set of tools, a common
order and standard naming conventions for items shown in the LH navigation menu
to enhance usability for students.

A suite of
instructional materials, examples and tutorials about the online learning
environment and the use of the Sakai tools is common to all units and located
in a designated Orientation module in the Content Modules (STUDY GUIDE) section
of each unit.

The Home
Page is each instructor's personalized space, and very effectively reflects the
different personalities of each instructor. This departure from the
‘standardized' interface is actually a very important aspect of user
navigation: Sakai's ‘seamless' environment, which allows students to access any
unit in which they are enrolled via a single navigation bar, can be quite
confusing for new users. Messages from and images of different instructors provide
important markers to help new undergraduates find their way in the online
environment.

Learner Support Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learner Support Evidence: 


Providing
high-quality learner support has been one of the challenges of the shift to the
online learning environment for the BNurs. Instructors accustomed to solving
problems in face-to-face interaction with their students have had to find
innovative ways to ‘bridge the gap'.

One learner
support frequently used throughout units in the course is the ‘orientation
quiz', which may or may not have marks attached, and which requires students to
search through the information on the unit site to answer questions about such
matters as due dates for assignments, appropriate locations for different sorts
of assistance, unit coordinator contact details, text information, etc.

Another
pivotal point of learner support has actually been to use the opportunity
offered by the mandatory intensives to build learners' online skills through practical
means (e.g., conducting guided online learning workshops) as well as to
instruct and reassure students about the types of support available to them,
both within the university itself and via the online learning environment, so
that they develop familiarity with and confidence in the learning framework.

These
processes have been particularly relevant to the Endorsed Enrolled Nurse
cohort, who, because of advanced standing gained for prior learning, commence
their studies at the beginning of Year 2 of the BNurs course. Though these
students have mature skills and industry experience, they are generally daunted
by both the academic and technological demands of the studies they have
undertaken. Supervised hands-on experience in guided learning activities,
together with assurance of personal help available through the online
environment, largely alleviates their anxieties, therefore enabling more confident,
and consequently more effective, engagement with online learning tasks and
requirements.

Within each
unit of the course there is also a dedicated forum space for learner support
issues, moderated by both the unit coordinator and the flexible learning
advisor supporting the BNurs team. However, learners are also deliberately encouraged
within this environment to support one another and answer each other's queries,
partly to promote collaborative functionality, but also to foster
problem-solving proficiency and resilience in preparation for the demands of
professional life.

Teaching Innovation
Teaching Innovation: 


Research
indicates that learners retain 10% of what they read, 30% of what they see, 50%
of what they see and hear, and 90% of what they act on (Sims 2006). High levels
of interactivity require learners to actively participate, greatly enhancing
the retention and transfer of learning.

With this in
mind, I would like to highlight a number of ways in which different instructors
have used Sakai as a platform for innovation to transform students' educational
experiences within the Bachelor of Nursing course.

Medical terminology wiki

Traditional
instructional methods required nursing students to purchase a medical
dictionary and rote-learn medical terminology in preparation for rigorous
testing via exams. However one of the tasks students undertake in their first
core unit in this BNurs course is to begin working together in groups in a wiki
environment to develop and refine their own collaborative list of medical terms
and definitions. This list then follows them throughout all units in their
continuing studies, expanding and being upgraded with each new area of learning
and set of competencies, accessible to them for reference at any time. The
change in mental processing from information retrieval to information
acquisition, sharing and review activates more effective learning pathways and hence
improves student understanding and retention.    

Clinical handover blog task

Traditionally
nursing students listened to a lecture about clinical handover protocols,
memorized the mnemonics for each and restated them in exams, with little
understanding of practice implications. In this course, students first view a
simulated handover on video, then actively research handover protocols, then
use this research as a basis to critique the observed handover, using the Blog
Wow tool to communicate their ideas. The task is further extended by asking
students to then blog their observations of a handover during their practicum.
Thus they must apply the information from their research to evaluate practice
in a more immediate and relevant  setting. The links between theory and practice
constructed through this cycle of activity are much stronger and more relevant to
developing future professional practice skills than the rote learning of the
elements of handover for an exam.

Mental health nursing wikis

In the
Mental Health Nursing unit, students were given four case outlines to choose
from, with a view to working in pairs, assuming roles in two different cases,
one as a nurse and one as a mental health consumer. The scenario in each
different situation was then extended and constructed from the given outline via
an interview process taking place over a period of time between nurse and
consumer. The interview transcripts were logged in separate wikis, and from
these interviews, each ‘nurse' was asked to develop and submit an assessment of
the consumer together with a treatment plan to accompany this assessment. Using
the wiki tool in this way facilitated far deeper student engagement with and
learning about types of mental illness, stigma, marginalization, and the
realities of mental health consumer experience, than ‘surface' text-based
learning.

Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood)

Submitted by ncgreen on 12 March 2010 - 2:53am.
in

Course Information
Course Number/ID: 
EDEC333; ECEC344; EDEC345; EDEC388; EDEC391; EDEC421; EDEC427; EDEC444
Course Length (number of weeks): 
16
Course Delivery Mode: 
Distance
Average Number of Enrolled Students: 
100 students and over
Course Level: 
College/University
Course Development & Delivery
Course Contributors: 

The lecturers coordinating the 8 units ~ Dr Brenda Wolodko, Ms Ros Littledyke, Dr HelenEdwards, Dr Nicole Green & Dr Margaret Brooks.

Rachael Adlington,Educational Designer ~ assisted lecturers in matching learning experiences and materials with Sakai tools; provided professional learning support for lecturers in learning how to use tools in Sakai; developed support materials for students and staff to use with tools; for example, how to edit the Wiki, using the Wiki to work in groups and how to use images.

Di Swann, Administrative Assistant ~ assisted in uploading content to Sakai Units; emailed survey introduction letter and reminders to students from each Sakai Unit; emailed philosophy statement of course and letter introducing changes in teaching and learning in Sakai to students from each Sakai Unit.

ITD Help Desk ~ The Information Technology Directorate at UNE provided technical support for lecturing staff and our students via email, telephone, or in person at the Service Desk.

Course Development: 

Although there had been some migration from paper-based course materials to online teaching and learning prior to 2009, the units of the Bachelor of Education (EC) existed in the Learning Management System of BlackBoard. This version of BlackBoard that UNE supported did not allow for the kinds of interactions between students we wanted to facilitate. For example, Blogs were individual and did not allow other participants to leave comments. With no Wiki tool (or equivalent), BlackBoard also narrowed our options in terms of the ways we wanted students to express and share their experiences, evolving philosophies and professional knowledge. In January 2009, we turned to Sakai, a Learning Management System that we hoped would support our online pedagogy  more effectively.                                                                     

Continuing the migration process from paper based materials to teaching and learning online in Sakai underpins a progressive redesign paradigm involving the close examination of our teacher education pedagogy. Our goal was to put pedagogy first, and to use the tools of Sakai to enact a strong, socio-cultural theoretical pedagogy that aimed to open up more dialogic teaching and learning possibilities. We have engaged in rethinking content, assessment and learning tasks and activities within the Bachelor of Education (EC) to reflect a social constructionist view of professional growth.

Throughout our reconceptualisation of online teaching and learning in Sakai, we discussed, debated, negotiated and agreed on a shared philosophy for our course. Our Units in Sakai gave us the opportunity to develop our early childhood pedagogy within this framework. Like within any group of learners, individual lecturers have varying perspectives and philosophies. Evident in our Units is that we are all at different points in this reconceptualisation and redesign journey.

We believe that our students are members of wider learning circles - within UNE, early childhood contexts, and local communities and beyond. We value students’ previous experiences, values, understandings, beliefs and insights, and acknowledge the unique contribution of the personal professional knowledge each student brings to each unit. Opportunities to communicate, reflect, share and respond to and about their sociocultural histories are facilitated in Sakai.                  

We value the importance of social interaction to an effective learning process; interaction among students plays a central role in learning. Our Units in Sakai are based on this understanding and have been designed to facilitate a more authentic form of interaction, which is meaningful, supportive and takes place because the students want to engage, rather than because they have been instructed to do so.                                                                                                                                      

We honor multiple ways of students demonstrating their knowledge, abilities and understandings;and multiple ways of reflecting and communicating. Our Units in Sakai include open-ended assignments and encourage the use of video, audio, photographs, PowerPoint and other publishing software.                      

We are also guided by the intention that our Units are preparing students for varying employment opportunities in communities. The tools in Sakai scaffold students’ engagement with, and in, contemporary knowledges, cultural sensitivity and understandings, and diverse leadership, problem solving and collaborative relational skills – all requirements in the complex profession of teaching.

Course Delivery: 

During the past year we have moved towards an online presentation of course work that has made significant changes pedagogically, psychologically, epistemologically, and socio-culturally for our students and ourselves as teacher educators and learners (Hong & Sullivan, 2009).                                

Within Sakai, our pedagogical underpinnings have moved from “efficiency of knowledge appropriation” to facilitating participation and nurturing growth toward “knowledge creation”. For example, we added a Web Content link to a series of HTML pages created in Sakai focusing on Assessment to provide information in an easily accessible place for students. We added this tab in the left hand with links to an overview of all assignments to inform students of university policies regarding assessment and plagiarism. Each assignment is also outlined in full in separate pages. Assessments in each of the Units expect students to work in groups within the course, as well as engaging them in learning experiences which require collaboration with colleagues, families and children. We believe in the students’ ability to take an active, responsible approach to their development, personally and as a professional. Rather than regurgitating the information they have received through lectures and readings, our Assignments and the tools in Sakai which support each, provide a context for the information. Students are expected to engage with the content and critically consider how it could be used within their practice. 

Psychologically, we have journeyed from a controlled process with barriers towards understanding barriers as a means to progressive problem solving. For example, in the Forums, the topics engage students in discussions and debates about timely and important ideas, concepts, theories and contemporary perspectives. Forum topics embody key concepts within each unit, making clear connections for students betweenunit outcomes, materials, learning experiences and assessment tasks. The Blog provides students’ with their own web space within the Unit environment for reflective journaling or professional dialogue with each other as educators in early childhood centres across Australia. The Blog tool in Sakai supports communication processes for students to provide feedback to their peers and to be responsible to each other in discussing the readings and otherresources provided. Some lecturers are using the Blog tool as an assessment tool. For example, students post photographs and scan documents that represent their learning journey. Other students comment on their content, creating a community of learners. We recognize students’ commitment and positive orientation to their work with children, families and communities, and we share in their passion about new ideas, possibilities and professional growth. Both the Wiki and Blog tools provide students with the opportunity to share their experiences and expertise in a respectful and supportive context.

Epistemologically, we have journeyed from a routine “know-how” and a predefined “know-that”, towards an adaptive know-how and an emergent know-that. For example, the Wiki, as a group collaboration space, has pedagogically assisted in developing a community of learners who build acollaborative knowledge base through resource sharing and personal reflection. One way the Wiki tool has been used focuses on building upon what students already have experienced and what they already know, and what is possible within their own sociocultural environments. In Wiki, the students have flexibility as a group in how to arrange their learning environment for creating joint documents and other forms of presentation. As the students knowledge and understandings evolve, they can change or modify the content and have access to this record of development by viewing ‘history’.

Socio-culturally, we have journeyed from scripted cooperation to a knowledge exchanging and collaborating culture. We have created a "Start Here" tab in the left hand menu. Our students begin each Unit with varied experiences in using technology and have a range of familiarity with Learning Management Systems. This rebadged Syllabus tool directs students where to begin and provides the appropriate information to facilitate their continued exploration of the Unit in Sakai. 

In addition, the Study Guide Module tool was developed by web developers at UNE to meet our need to centralize some learning materials in a modular fashion and include Learning Modules to guide each student’s study pathway; including reference to text/s, article readings, audio and video files and website links. Our Units in Sakai guide students to source appropriate resources within and beyond the online environment through the provision of direct active weblinks and accessible audio, video, word document and PDF files.

PDF files of examples of the Sakai tools discussed are also provided further in this Award Application.  

Course Self-Assessment
Communication & Collaboration Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Communication & Collaboration Evidence: 

As faculty, we found heightened collegiality in the process of collaboration that led to reaffirming our professional identities. Migrating to Sakai has allowed us to concurrently examine our teaching and the process of students’ learning through our weekly meetings. Loughran (2006:29) reminds us that such an approach to pedagogy "requires a need to accept that it carries inherent vulnerability because learning through such meaning is a risky business." It is in the unpacking with colleagues, and at times our students, that we have become aware of the multiple layers and complexities involved in enacting an online pedagogy of teacher education in Sakai. This process has enabled critique of our assumptions, whilst looking in depth at our practices and how they fit with our beliefs. The act of putting pedagogy ahead of technology has allowed us to achieve more effective delivery of our online distance education course in Sakai (Ascough, 2002). Our pedagogical inquiry work was important for modeling the process for collaborative learning to our students.                                                                                                                 

Evidence in Student feedback demonstrates collaborative learning and authentic communication:

Student email 26/11/09: …being able to connect with other students and get motivation also contributed to my efforts.

Student email 14/09/09: I think it has been a learning experience for all. It shows us that we have to be very organised and not leave things to the last minute. Initially I was apprehensive about the group work, but then working with S. and F. was a great opportunity when we are all external students. It felt good to be able to bounce ideas off one another and work together. Not feeling so isolated with university! I would encourage UNE to continue group projects.

Student email 01/10/09: I found it difficult to provide any feedback on areas to be improved on in our group. I felt that they were so easy to collaborate with and each group member had something worthwhile to contribute. I hope this is ok, I know the purpose is critical reflection, which I can do quite easily on myself, however I felt that my group was soooo good that I can't even think of any constructive criticism. Thanks again for all of your hard work and support, it has made getting through this part of the assessment a breeze!

Student email 03/10/09: Because this is a group assignment, so I believe we need to work collaboratively for each question. I put myself in the team position where everyone discussed and shared our ideas together to reach the common goal. We had very good time chatted online by used the particular chat room and I did responded to everyone’s questions and completed all the tasks. During this assignment, I had improved much better written skills by chatting with my group members, and working together for completing all the tasks. I understand that English is my second language so I showed my initiative for doing this assignment, and shared my knowledge with each member in the group.

Learning Material Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learning Material Evidence: 

Migrating from paper-based materials to online teaching and learning in Sakai allows us to act more responsibly toward the environment and care for our planet. Lecturers and other University staff are now not required to print the large quantities of paper, which once constituted the Units Notes and Readings for each Unit. Rather, Sakai supports the availability of a range of content – such as PDF readings, YouTube video links, Podcast and other audio recordings from iTunes – to be viewed, downloaded and, if chosen by the student, to be printed.We are also able to cater to our diverse student population in the resources we provide access to (e.g. learning styles, dis/abilities, language).

Furthermore,the eSubmission tool allows our students to submit their assignments electronically. Lecturers are able to mark/grade assignments online using AdobeAcrobat Pro. The entire process now requires no printing of paper, and no postal services (e.g. gas emissions, envelopes) for returning Assignments to students.

Evidence in Student feedback demonstrates their response and engagement with the LearningMaterials:

Student email 25/11/09:  I really enjoyed this module and learning how to use Sakai. It is a great learning tool.

Student Blog: I never thought I’d say this but I am actually enjoying Maths right now. It is a very interesting shift in my thinking and 3 weeks ago this would not have been the case. I believe it has a lot to do with the social aspect of learning. In the Blog we share our stories, our beliefs, and our goals and somehow it appears as if we are all achieving them. Cobb, Wood and Yakel (1990:8) in Mathematics For Children (2009) believe that it is through interaction that mathematical knowledge is constructed. So, it appears that I have relaxed into the unit and I am looking forward to more challenges.

Chat Room 10/03/2010: Although I have completed the survey, I am surprised how conducting the survey has inspired other staff members (where I work) to look at their own practises as well as what we would do as a team to promote mathematical learning. We are brainstorming together and bringing forward great ideas. Most importantly we are really working well as a team and some much needed energy is now occurring at the centre.

Learning Outcomes & Assessment Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learning Outcomes & Assessment Evidence: 

Sakai has provided the tools to enable students to learn experientially about the process of socio-cultural pedagogy.Through the opportunity to share knowledge between peers and work together to problem solve and construct group responses to assessment tasks the students are able to create and embody new knowledge. We are working toward journey away from authentic assessment which retains a focus on assessing what was learned (albeit in an authentic way), toward using the assessment as the vehicle for teaching itself.

Evidence in Studentfeedback demonstrates how students view the Assignments in relation toachieving the Learning Outcomes:

Unit Evaluation 21/01/10: I really liked the way the assessments were broken down. It made them clear and allowed enough time to gather information, do readings and answer questions. I loved the group assessment, however initially I wasn't so sure how it would go. But, I was very impressed with this and found the encouragement was very beneficial to get to the end. I just really liked how it all flowed together. It was step, by step and it worked for me. The readings were excellent, the online work was excellent. In fact I think it was my best unit to date. The style of it really suited my hectic lifestyle. I also loved getting back assessments online. Ilive in Queensland and it is very stressful waiting for hardcopies to comeback. When I saw Nicole’s assessment back, marked and with distinction online,I nearly cried, actually I think I was crying!!!!!! with relief.

Unit Evaluation 21/01/10: The delivery of information made it easy to read, access and learn. Range of different types of assessments enabled us to use and learn many new skills. Group work assessment has been the best format so far for engaging and connecting with other students.

Unit Evaluation 21/01/10: The difference in the online expectations, although tricky at the start it seemed to make a lot more sense to have the online component as part of assignments rather than just forums where you feel like you have to go to just read and write stuff for the sake of the marks. The group assignment was great and I learnt a lot, and the annotated resource list in Wiki was fun to do as well as a GREAT!! resource for the future!

Course Look & Feel, Web Usability Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Course Look & Feel, Web Usability Evidence: 

Evidence suggests that current difficulties experienced in many teacher education programs are the direct result of pre-service programs that remain insular and unconnected (Standing Committee on Education and Vocational Training, 2007). Our collective goals in journeying to Sakai included that we ensure links,connectivity and consistencies across the Units. Sakai has allowed us to develop a common interface for our Units to provide students with another layer of consistency across the Units within the Bachelor of Education (ECE) degree program. For example, the Left hand menu and the rebadged Assessment tab.  

Sakai allows students to simultaneously create their own learning contexts, access the intended content in multiple forms, and finally, represent their own interpretations of both the content and theory/practice in publishable and public forms.

 

Evidence in Student feedback demonstrates the pedagogical possibilities of the tools of Sakai:

Student email 25/11/09: I really enjoyed this module and learning how to use Sakai. It is a great learning tool.

Student email 28/09/09: Technology is a great way to bring students together that otherwise would pose an impossible situation within the time frame.

Unit Evaluation 21/01/10:  I really enjoyed the live interaction and group assignment. Although at first I thought I would least enjoy this aspect of the unit, once I overcame the challenge of not 'seeing' other classmates/group members, I found this to be a very rewarding and stimulating experience. It was great to engage with other students in such meaningful ways.

Learner Support Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learner Support Evidence: 

Across the Bachelor of Education (EC), we have been working through the idea of “teaching through assessment” (Edwards, 2010) by merging technology and assessment to create contexts in which our students can work towards authentic communities of learning.

Evidence in Student feedback demonstrates supported one another in within collaborative learning groups:

Unit Evaluation 02/02/10: As Pelo (2202:3) states, ‘culture gives individuals self-confidence and self esteem, as well as providing them with a sense of belonging to a supportive network like-minded people’. This quote I believe relates to how my pod (group) worked together as a team. Although each individual from our group came from different cultures and backgrounds, our cultures, study of this unit and each member of our pod sharing the same ideals and values of early childhood education brought us all together. Through the majority of the semester, each member of Pod X, was supportive of one another. This was evident, as our pod faced many obstacles throughout the two terms, which included a group members leaving our pod. Overall, I believe our pod worked together successfully as a team to overcome these hurdles.

Unit Evaluation 02/02/10: The group experience…was positive as everyone was supportive of one another and were helping each other out for the majority ofthe semester. It was also great to work with other peers in the same field and learn of their experiences and issues they faced in their workplace. It also taught me a lesson on how to deal with conflict resolution especially in the last few months, and just try to work as a team, even though ‘it’s not smooth sailing’, as this is what happens in the real world. Therefore, to conclude, I enjoyed studying this unit with my pod and working with a team of successful women who share the same common values, hopes and ideals, not only for children but early childhood education.

Chat Room 2/03/2010:  “Hi Denise, I checked your Blog and sorry the photo's are still not there. My suggestion is to email Rachel or Brenda and explain what you've tried and ask for help. They are both very prompt with responses and their input may make you feel a little better about the situation. I too was very frustrated with the technology as it's not my strongest point, but cooperative learning is all about others having an inputinto how we learn, sometimes we need the help from those around us. It's certainly going to be a big learning curve for all of us!”

Chat Room 03/08/2010:  Hi There, I also think that the Blog option for posting our assignments would be beneficial for us for a number of reasons. Firstly we can gain feedback from one others and also have the opportunity to share with one another.

Chat Room 8/03/2010: Hi everyone. I too am happy to submit through the Blog, because like Brenda said it means less restriction on the file size and it also gives us the opportunity to see what everyone is doing, therefore providing feedback and ideas.

 

Teaching Innovation
Teaching Innovation: 

“Teacher education represents a unique form of teaching in which both the content of the teaching and the practice of the teaching form the basis of what is being taught” (Edwards, 2010). The paper-based materials and initial work on BlackBoard for our Bachelor of Education (EC) at UNE were defined by enhancing the efficiency of “knowledge appropriation”. The knowledge the students needed to acquire was pre-defined and the community was not emphasized. Sakai has allowed each lecturer to regain control of her professional identity and reframe her online pedagogy to reflect her philosophies of socio constructionist teaching and learning. We are now teaching in a way that we are suggesting students might like to try in their own practice (Edwards, 2010).

Our faculty collaboration in migrating from paper-based materials and changing to Sakai required an engagement with the literature and systematic inquiry – we have moved from a position of compliance - that is, we were individuals working alone or in pairs trying to implement the institutional changes to distance learning increasingly being imposed on lecturing staff, and hoping we were doing the “right thing” - to now sharing a commitment as a team to our online teaching and learning pedagogy.

As you will understand, our work continues and extends beyond what is described in this Award Submission. We feel strongly that there is never a time when a course or Unit is ‘finished’.  We met weekly as an entire team in 2009 and we continue to share our emerging knowledges with a smaller research group in 2010. Our experiences affirm Wells (2004, p.17) statement, "that there are many situations in which no-one is an expert; yet, as each brings his or her own past experience to the solution of a common problem, the group together is able to achieve more than any single member could have done alone.”

The files attached below represent how the use of Sakai and its associated tools helped
to create contexts in which theory/practice were viewed as an integrated
process. What was realized pedagogically in our Units was that the
tools allowed the students to collaboratively learn together.

Optional (screenshots, links)
Screenshots notes: 
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Design Reflective and Interactive eLearning: Online Professional Development in Sakai

Submitted by Cherry on 2 March 2009 - 7:12am.
in

Course Information
Course Number/ID: 
PD111
Course Length (number of weeks): 
6
Course Delivery Mode: 
Distance
Describe Other Delivery Mode: 
The course is conducted entirely online to both on- and off-campus staff. Contact between course participants (educational, administrative and technical staff) is completely online. Participants are asked to discuss this program only in the online environment.
Average Number of Enrolled Students: 
More than 60 students
Course Level: 
Vocational/Professional
Course Development & Delivery
Course Contributors: 

Steve Swinsberg — UNE, Sakai administrator and programmer who initially established the Sakai environment in the pilot project, and who chose and made available the tools linking to other university systems.

Brylan Stewart — UNE, Icon creator (graphics) designed and created the ‘study’ icons used to orient users to various tasks. The koala is a resident of the UNE campus and a favorite mascot of university staff and students.

Gerad Todd — UNE, Programmer (template creation) created the learning design templates being trialed in this VLE.

Course Development: 

UNE is a regional Australian university with about 80% of its students engaged in distance learning. Increasingly, distance education students have become connected using digital technologies, yet many of our administrative and academic staff have not reflected on the significance of changing from the instructional strategies of print-based provision to more interactive and collaborative online formats. In 2007, I was employed to work with project teams in the redesign of degree programs for online provision of distance education.

After a relatively short time, I realised that the concepts that most of the staff had were securely locked in the print-based distance education mode. It is relatively easy to introduce new technology to an organization. In 1998, WebCT was adopted by UNE as a distance education platform. Blackboard CE6 is the current approved LMS. Yet, enthusiastic adoption of these tools into socio-constructivist learning design has been a much more complex and difficult process. Sakai V2.4 is being piloted in the Faculty of the Professions—School of Education and School of Health—as an alternative LMS system. We are using Sakai V2.4. An executive decision has been made not to upgrade the system until a full review of all potential LMS has been completed (end 2009).

Version 1 of Design Reflective and Interactive eLearning was designed in 2007 primarily for Education Faculty. It has been extended to staff in the Nursing Faculty in 2008 and Early Childhood staff in 2009. Each focused delivery has been adjusted according to feedback received from participants, and the particular needs of participants.  The initial format was heavily influenced by my participation in the Ikarus Project in 2003-4, where I gained a deep understanding of virtual environments as a student and then as a moderator.

The challenge in providing professional development (PD) opportunities as part of each of these redesign projects has been ensuring the PD needs are delivered in a timely and appropriate way. AND in a way that builds team interaction, sharing and deepens the understanding of the collaborative nature of learning design in a virtual environment. It has been an ongoing challenge to support each academic with the particular level of technological and pedagogical expertise required to provide for personal and group growth. Face-to-face workshops were impractical unless very focused and short. Finding a convenient time to share ideas of pedagogy and technical skill were fraught with staff inability to be in the same place at the same time due to teaching, conference, research, and committee schedules. Thus it became obvious that a more asynchronous environment and one that supported participation on a ‘come and go’ basis, was needed. The task was to create a process for staff to become aware of the differences between print and digital technologies. Thus, to change their perspectives (create deep conceptual change), I emphasised situated learning through guided exploration, scaffolding of tasks, contributing to shared activities, and collaborative small group work.

This program is structured so that participants can use the online system as best suits their work and personal learning habits; and also requires commitment to team-mates for the completion of a group project.

Course Delivery: 

The Design Reflective and Interactive eLearning PD  supports a ‘student’ experience. The use of new technologies affords movement beyond traditional models of teaching to more engaging and facilitative learning. This is true in the professional development arena as well as in provision to distance students. The focus of this PD program is not on what is known (product) but on how one comes to know (process) (Laurillard, 2002; Salmon, 2002; Siemens, 2004; Downes, 2005; Sims and Hedberg, 2006; Burge, 2007).  This PD program has been created to bridge the gap between distance education course designers’ perceptions of how students learn, and how this learning might be enhanced using technologies. Ideas from cognitive and neuroscience (Jensen 2008, Zull 2002) are linked to those reflecting the need to be 'mind-full'  rather than 'mind-less' (Langer 1997,  &1989) in not only our own learning, but in how we use online technologies to support the development of our students' learning. This program uses the Gilly Salmon (2002) five-stage e-moderating framework, and her model for teaching and learning online through online networking.

While this PD program is structured within a weekly framework (using the Schedule tool), the e-tivities (Salmon,2002) and timing are flexible and vary with the growth and participation of the ‘students’. Announcements vary the work schedule or support learners with encouragement, feedback and additional materials as the participation suggests a need.

The first three weeks focus on building social presence (Gunawardena & Zittle, 1996) through introductions between fellow participants and exploration of elearning concepts. Participants explore the Sakai tools, access online tool-tutorials, and are directed to general background readings, available on the Internet and on the UNE eReserve system. All activities are linked to current lecturer practices and seek to extend those practices into the virtual environment. Participants are asked to establish a personal blog to use for both private (hidden) and public sharing of information. They are asked to build a course library with links to references they have found particularly helpful in their own learning. They are also asked to compare and contrast the tools being used in the Sakai environment.

The second three weeks are dedicated to collaborative work. Participants are asked to join a ‘common interest group’ in the wiki according to the teaching strategy they would like to investigate. All groups interact with a case-study: "Dan Tries Problem-Based Learning: A Case Study" (White 1996). Each group interacts with the case in a different manner. The case material has been re-written to focus students on the use of the learning strategy chosen by their common interest group. Participation in these exploratory groups is designed as a supportive forum of joint problem-solving and shared learning, where they discuss the roles and responsibilities required in this particular learning strategy.

As they engage with their case-study, participants focus on the design, development and implementation process. They consider the roles and responsibilities of various online participants. They are asked to consider and share how they feel about the online teaching and learning situation and how they can address these issues in their own teaching and learning online. Their group summaries are shared in the Forums.

Course Self-Assessment
Communication & Collaboration Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Communication & Collaboration Evidence: 

Many of the Sakai learning tools: Announcements, Schedule, Syllabus, Web content, Modules, Forums, Chat, Blogwow, Wiki, Mailtool are explored and used to build social presence, and network students leading to collaborative discussion and evaluative role clarification in the wiki. The overall focus is on digital communication leading to collaborative evaluation of a case-study. After gaining an understanding of each of the communication tools, students sign-up for wiki groups based on their ‘common interest’ around one learning strategy chosen from: direct instruction, case-method, cooperative, small-group, and problem-solving.  The blogwow tool is  used for reflections related to their case analysis as well as the collaborative dynamic. Blog entries may be public or private.

Learning Material Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learning Material Evidence: 

All of the goals and expectations of the course are clearly delineated in the course syllabus. Due to feedback received from staff, an Assessment tab has been created which gives upfront access to assignment information. This replaces the Sakai Assignment tool, due to the need to integrate into the university standard eSubmission system. 

The Modules tool (Study Guide) provides essential resources and guide to the tasks for participants. The Schedule and Announcements tool are also used to guide and pace participants and scaffold their exploration of tools and interaction with colleagues.  Participants have  access to recommended reading and current information (links/urls) on learning pedagogies.

Learning Outcomes & Assessment Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learning Outcomes & Assessment Evidence: 

Gaining an awareness of how students feel in an online environment is at the core of this PD program. The stated learning outcomes are for participants to: (1) Investigate tools and strategies for teaching, learning and assessment in Sakai; (2) Collaborate in a ‘common interest group’ to evaluate a pedagogical strategy and in the process, share online teaching and learning possibilities; (3) Design and develop a range of ‘fit for purpose’ assessment and feedback strategies for use in online courses; (4) Discuss (sharing the summaries of those discussions) the various roles that make up the design, preparation, and learning support for online students; and (5) Enhance their own confidence in using Sakai tools, gaining a student view of online learning.

The course assessment activities are reflective in nature and in most situations ask the participant to self-assess their own learning. Moderator feedback is focused on encouraging participation, directing attention, and where needed, correcting misunderstandings. The online test tools are used to support further reflection. They have been set up to model online testing strategies, but are not judgmental. The aim is to gain points, rather than get a 'mark'.  Users have the opportunity to stop/continue, or redo an assessment at anytime. They also experience a timed interaction test.

Course Look & Feel, Web Usability Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Course Look & Feel, Web Usability Evidence: 

Graphic icons and templates are used to enhance the visibility, ease of use and structure of e-tivities. A common look and feel is promoted in all Sakai environments across the three projects and these are reflected in the PD program implementation. All courses locate the lecturer/tutor photo in upper left corner of the course website to ‘base’ the student when navigating from course to course. The School of Education has designed ‘action’ icons (based on the local koala mascot) to direct attention, and to add humour to the learning environment. We also use tool icons in the online context and learning materials with links to the tools. This supports the users to not loose their ‘place’ in the progression of e-tivities.

On initial entry to the website participants are given directions on how to begin their exploration. The message changes (is built upon) during the focused project team usage to reflect what users need to be doing to keep pace. Additional audio/video tutorials (screen captures) have been added to the website to support tool navigation and usage. Accessibility has been addressed throughout.

Learner Support Self-Assessment: 
Excellent
Learner Support Evidence: 

This PD site is also used to send messages to participants about face to face workshops which may be held for participants (guest lecturers who visit campus). A template tool has been created and loaded into the text editor as well as style templates and action icons.

Information about how to interact with the facilitator and how I will answer questions is available in the Start Here Tab (Syllabus), as well as information on how feedback is provided.

Podcast tool tutorials, inline links to interactive tools when used as part of the learning task are created to support and guide individual usage and  learning. The Start Here, Study Guide, and Assessment Tab are universal and structured to create models which academics may then transfer to their own learning units.

Teaching Innovation
Teaching Innovation: 

Gaining an awareness of how students feel in an online environment is at the core of this PD program. Without some empathy to the student perspective in a VLE, university staff can become insensitive to the needs of the clients. Situated learning for academics has been successful as many users have commented on the ‘Aha’ experience as a result of participating as a student in an online environment.

It has been rewarding to note the increase in interest from university staff outside the project teams who have expressed interest in the collaborative learning environment. We have also noted an increase in the number of staff requesting ‘project sites’ where colleagues may store and share information, set up project schedules, and keep reflective journals on the progress of their various collaborative research projects.

This PD website has also been useful as a model of good online practice and identifying how differing individuals approach the use of the Sakai tools. The School of Health, Bachelor of Nursing Team have used the wiki to share each course redesign strategy and resources for the degree program, seeking online feedback from colleagues before implementation. The Early Childhood project team has extended their redesign project site to become the source data repository of their Participatory Action Research Project. That is, research team members are using the blog, wiki, and forum to update their reflections and discussions following each project activity.

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